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White-Tailed Deer:
Their Foods & Management in the Cross Timbers
Table of Contents & Preface
Introduction
Habitat requirements
General concepts
Food requirements
Methods
used to gather data
Overall
use of forage classes
Seasonal
use of forages
Specific
seasonal deer diets
Spring
Summer
Fall
Winter
Summary
Cover requirements
Water requirements
Space requirements
Habitat management
General concepts
Food management
Cover management
Water management
Space management
Population health/evaluation
Introduction & aging deer
Body size & antler characteristics
Fat deposits
Reproductive success
Population management
Introduction
Population inventory
Harvest
records
Deer
surveys
Population regulation
Potential
mng't goals
Conclusion/additional info
References
Appendix A:
Plants of the NFWU
Appendix B:
Deer diets on the NFWU
Appendix C:
Pictures and descriptions of
important deer food plants in the
Cross Timbers region
Glossary for Appendix C
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Appendix A
Plants of the Noble Foundation Wildlife Unita
Listed by scientific name: A-C |
| Scientific name |
Common name |
Family |
Relative
occurrenceb |
| Abutilon theophrasti |
Velvetleaf, Indian mallow |
Malvaceae |
Scarce |
| Acacia angustissima |
Prairie acacia |
Mimosaceae |
Scattered |
| Acalypha gracilens |
Three-seeded mercury |
Euphorbiaceae |
Common |
| Acalypha virginica |
Three-seeded mercury |
Euphorbiaceae |
Scattered |
| Acer negundo |
Box elder |
Aceraceae |
Common |
| Achillea millefolium |
Yarrow, milfoil |
Asteraceae |
Common |
| Agalinus fasciculata |
Beach agalinus |
Scrophulariaceae |
Scarce |
| Agrimonia pubescens |
Downy agrimony, groovebur |
Rosaceae |
Scarce |
| Agrostis hyemalis |
Winter bent grass, tickle grass |
Gramineae |
Unknown |
| Albizia julibrissin |
Mimosa, babys breath |
Mimosaceae |
Scarce |
| Alisma plantago-aquatica |
Water plantain |
Alismataceae |
Scarce |
| Allium canadense |
Wild onion, Canada garlic |
Liliaceae |
Scattered |
| Allium drummondii |
Drummonds wild onion |
Liliaceae |
Scattered |
| Amaranthus hybridus |
Slender pigweed, green pigweed |
Amaranthaceae |
Scarce |
| Amaranthus palmeri |
Palmers pigweed, careless weed |
Amaranthaceae |
Scarce |
| Amaranthus retroflexus |
Rough pigweed, redroot pigweed |
Amaranthaceae |
Scattered |
| Amaranthus rudis |
Water hemp |
Amaranthaceae |
Scarce |
| Amaranthus spinosus |
Spiny pigweed |
Amaranthaceae |
Scattered |
| Ambrosia artemisiifolia |
Common ragweed |
Asteraceae |
Common |
| Ambrosia bidentata |
Lanceleaf ragweed |
Asteraceae |
Common |
| Ambrosia psilostachya |
Western ragweed |
Asteraceae |
Abundant |
| Ambrosia trifida |
Giant ragweed, horseweed |
Asteraceae |
Common |
| Ammannia coccinea |
Toothcup, purple ammania |
Lythraceae |
Scattered |
| Amorpha canescens |
Leadplant |
Fabaceae |
Scarce |
| Amorpha fruticosa |
False indigo |
Fabaceae |
Scattered |
| Ampelopsis arborea |
Pepper vine |
Vitaceae |
Scarce |
| Ampelopsis cordata |
Raccoon grape |
Vitaceae |
Scarce |
| Amphicarpa bracteata |
Hog peanut |
Fabaceae |
Scarce |
| Andropogon gerardii |
Big bluestem |
Gramineae |
Common |
| Andropogon virginicus |
Broom sedge bluestem |
Gramineae |
Abundant |
| Anemone caroliniana |
Carolina anemone |
Ranunculaceae |
Scarce |
| Antennaria parlinii |
Plainleaf pussytoes |
Asteraceae |
Common |
| Apocynum cannabinum |
Indian hemp, prairie dogbane |
Apocynaceae |
Scattered |
| Arenaria drummondii |
Drummond sandwort |
Caryophyllaceae |
Scattered |
| Arenaria patula |
Sandwort |
Caryophyllaceae |
Unknown |
| Argythamnia humilis |
Wild mercury |
Euphorbiaceae |
Scarce |
| Arisaema dracontium |
Dragonroot, green dragon |
Araceae |
Scattered |
| Aristida dichotoma |
Church mouse three-awn |
Gramineae |
Unknown |
| Aristida oligantha |
Old-field three-awn |
Gramineae |
Unknown |
| Aristida purpurascens |
Arrowfeather three-awn |
Gramineae |
Unknown |
| Aristida purpurea |
Purple three-awn |
Gramineae |
Unknown |
| Artemisia ludoviciana |
White sage, western sage |
Asteraceae |
Common |
| Arundinaria gigantea |
Giant cane |
Gramineae |
Scattered |
| Asclepias asperula |
Spider antelope horn |
Asclepiadaceae |
Scattered |
| Asclepias tuberosa |
Butterfly milkweed |
Asclepiadaceae |
Scattered |
| Asclepias viridis |
Green milkweed, spider milkweed |
Asclepiadaceae |
Common |
| Asplenium platyneuron |
Ebony spleenwort |
Aspleniaceae |
Unknown |
| Aster drummondii |
Arrowleaf aster, blue wood aster |
Asteraceae |
Unknown |
| Aster ericoides |
Heath aster, wreath aster |
Asteraceae |
Scattered |
| Aster spp. |
Asters |
Asteraceae |
Common |
| Baptisia bracteata |
Plains wild indigo |
Fabaceae |
Scattered |
| Bidens aristosa |
Coreopsis beggar-ticks |
Asteraceae |
Scattered |
| Bidens bipinnata |
Spanish needles |
Asteraceae |
Scarce |
| Boehmeria cylindrica |
Bog hemp, false nettle |
Urticaceae |
Scarce |
| Boltonia asteroides |
False starwort, boltonia |
Asteraceae |
Scattered |
| Bothriochloa saccharoides |
Silver bluestem |
Gramineae |
Scattered |
| Botrychium virginianum |
Rattlesnake fern |
Ophioglossaceae |
Scattered |
| Bouteloua curtipendula |
Side oats grama |
Gramineae |
Scarce |
| Bouteloua hirsuta |
Hairy grama |
Gramineae |
Scarce |
| Brachiaria platyphylla |
Broadleaf signal grass |
Gramineae |
Scarce |
| Bromus japonicus |
Japanese brome |
Gramineae |
Common |
| Bromus pubescens |
Canada brome |
Gramineae |
Scarce |
| Bromus tectorum |
Downy brome |
Gramineae |
Common |
| Bromus unioloides |
Rescue grass |
Gramineae |
Scattered |
| Buchloe dactyloides |
Buffalo grass |
Gramineae |
Scarce |
| Bumelia lanuginosa |
Chittamwood, woolly buckthorn |
Sapotaceae |
Scattered |
| Cacalia plantaginea |
Indian plantain, prairie plantain |
Asteraceae |
Unknown |
| Callirhoe alcaeoides |
Pink poppy mallow |
Malvaceae |
Scattered |
| Callirhoe involucrata |
Purple poppy mallow, wine-cup |
Malvaceae |
Common |
| Campsis radicans |
Trumpet vine |
Bignoniaceae |
Common |
| Capsella bursa-pastoris |
Shepherds purse |
Brassicaceae |
Scattered |
| Carex spp. |
Sedges |
Cyperaceae |
Common |
| Carya aquatica |
Water hickory |
Juglandaceae |
Scarce |
| Carya illinoensis |
Pecan |
Juglandaceae |
Common |
| Carya texana |
Black hickory |
Juglandaceae |
Common |
| Cassia fasciculata |
Partridge pea |
Fabaceae |
Common |
| Cassia marilandica |
Wild senna |
Fabaceae |
Scarce |
| Cassia nictitans |
Sensitive pea |
Fabaceae |
Scattered |
| Cassia obtusifolia |
Sicklepod |
Fabaceae |
Scarce |
| Cassia occidentalis |
Coffee senna, coffeeweed |
Fabaceae |
Scarce |
| Castilleja coccinea |
Indian paintbrush |
Scrophulariaceae |
Common |
| Castilleja indivisa |
Indian paintbrush |
Scrophulariaceae |
Scattered |
| Catalpa speciosa |
Cigar tree, northern catalpa |
Bignoniaceae |
Scarce |
| Celtis spp. |
Hackberries |
Ulmaceae |
Common |
| Cenchrus incertus |
Sandbur, grass bur |
Gramineae |
Scattered |
| Cephalanthus occidentalis |
Buttonbush, globeflower |
Rubiaceae |
Scattered |
| Cerastium fontanum |
Common mouse-ear chickweed |
Caryophyllaceae |
Scattered |
| Cerastium glomeratum |
Clammy chickweed |
Caryophyllaceae |
Scattered |
| Cercis canadensis |
Redbud |
Fabaceae |
Common |
| Chaerophyllum procumbens |
Wild chervil |
Apiaceae |
Scarce |
| Chaerophyllum tainturieri |
Hairy fruit wild chervil |
Apiaceae |
Scattered |
| Chaetopappa asteroides |
Least daisy |
Asteraceae |
Unknown |
| Chasmanthium latifolium |
Inland sea oats |
Gramineae |
Common |
| Chenopodium album |
Lambs-quarters |
Chenopodiaceae |
Scattered |
| Chenopodium ambrosioides |
Mexican tea, wormseed, goosefoot |
Chenopodiaceae |
Scattered |
| Chenopodium leptophyllum |
Slimleaf goosefoot |
Chenopodiaceae |
Scarce |
| Chrysopsis pilosa |
Softhair golden aster |
Asteraceae |
Common |
| Chrysopsis villosa |
Roughhair golden aster |
Asteraceae |
Scattered |
| Cinna arundinacea |
Stout woodreed |
Gramineae |
Scattered |
| Cirsium altissimum |
Tall thistle |
Asteraceae |
Common |
| Cirsium undulatum |
Wavyleaf thistle |
Asteraceae |
Common |
| Cissus incisa |
Possum grape, ivy treebine |
Vitaceae |
Scarce |
| Claytonia virginica |
Virginia spring beauty |
Portulacaceae |
Scattered |
| Clematis pitcheri |
Pitchers clematis, leatherflower |
Ranunculaceae |
Scarce |
| Clitoria mariana |
Butterfly pea, pigeonwings |
Fabaceae |
Scarce |
| Cnidoscolus texanus |
Bull nettle |
Euphorbiaceae |
Scarce |
| Cocculus carolinus |
Carolina snail-seed, moonseed |
Menispermaceae |
Common |
| Coelorachis cylindrica |
Carolina jointtail, joint grass |
Gramineae |
Scarce |
| Collinsia violacea |
Violet collinsia |
Scrophulariaceae |
Scarce |
| Commelina communis |
Dayflower |
Commelinaceae |
Scarce |
| Commelina erecta |
Erect dayflower |
Commelinaceae |
Scarce |
| Conyza canadensis |
Horseweed, mares tail |
Asteraceae |
Common |
| Cooperia drummondii |
Rain lily, cebolleta |
Amaryllidaceae |
Scattered |
| Coreopsis grandiflora |
Bigflower coreopsis, tickseed |
Asteraceae |
Common |
| Coreopsis tinctoria |
Plains coreopsis |
Asteraceae |
Scattered |
| Cornus drummondii |
Rough-leaved dogwood |
Cornaceae |
Scattered |
| Cornus florida |
Flowering dogwood |
Cornaceae |
Scattered |
| Corydalis micrantha |
Slender fumewort |
Fumariaceae |
Scarce |
| Crataegus crus-galli |
Cockspur hawthorn, red haw |
Rosaceae |
Unknown |
| Crataegus spp. |
Hawthorns |
Rosaceae |
Scattered |
| Crataegus viridis |
Green hawthorn |
Rosaceae |
Unknown |
| Crotalaria sagittalis |
Rattlebox |
Fabaceae |
Scarce |
| Croton capitatus |
Woolly croton, hogwort |
Euphorbiaceae |
Scattered |
| Croton glandulosus |
Croton, tropic croton |
Euphorbiaceae |
Common |
| Croton lindheimerianus |
Three-seeded croton |
Euphorbiaceae |
Scattered |
| Croton monanthogynus |
One-seeded croton |
Euphorbiaceae |
Scattered |
| Cryptotaenia canadensis |
Honewort |
Apiaceae |
Scattered |
| Cucurbita foetidissima |
Buffalo gourd, wild pumpkin |
Cucurbitaceae |
Scarce |
| Cuphea viscosissima |
Blue waxweed, clammy cuphea |
Lythraceae |
Scarce |
| Cuscuta spp. |
Dodders |
Convolvulaceae |
Scattered |
| Cynanchum laeve |
Blue vine, sand vine, honey vine |
Asclepiadaceae |
Scarce |
| Cynodon dactylon |
Bermuda grass |
Gramineae |
Abundant |
| Cyperus esculentus |
Yellow nut grass, chufa |
Cyperaceae |
Scattered |
| Cyperus ovularis |
Globe flat sedge |
Cyperaceae |
Common |
| Cyperus spp. |
Flat sedges |
Cyperaceae |
Common |
a Contains all terrestrial and emersed aquatic flowering plants identified on the NFWU. Also includes a few miscellaneous plants such as mushrooms and ferns.
b The relative occurrence of plant species is based on subjective evaluation. The following categories are used to classify relative occurrence:
- AbundantEasy to find; often a dominant over large areas.
CommonEasy to find; seldom a dominant over large areas.
ScatteredNot extremely difficult to find, but more so than common; often thick with patchy distribution or sparse with good distribution; not dominant in the plant community
ScarceDifficult to find; often found in relatively small pockets; not well distributed.
- UnknownPlants have been identified on the NFWU, but the authors are unfamiliar with them; most of these plants would probably be categorized as scarce.
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