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 Wildlife: November 2000 Other Wildlife Articles |
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by Grant Huggins |
Conversations around deer camp inevitably get around to management practices designed to increase the antler size of white-tailed bucks. Discussion usually includes the latest clover seed guaranteed to do everything except produce fawns, minerals that will draw bucks from miles away, and feeders that are activated only by deer scent. How often do you hear a discussion of buck age structure, though? Not often, primarily because no one can sell it to you. Millions of dollars are spent on advertising food plot seeds, minerals, supplemental feed rations, feeders, and–more recently–genetics. Because time is not a marketable item, it is rarely promoted.
Buck
Biology 101 teaches that the three factors influencing antler quality are nutrition,
genetics, and age. Though all three factors interact, only one at a time most
limits a herd. In other words, there is a limiting factor that constrains antler
size in the herd that you hunt. Management applied toward the other two factors
without addressing the most limiting factor is an inefficient application of
time, effort, and money.
If you are interested in this article, you probably hunt or observe a deer herd. Obviously, nutrition at some level is available to these animals, and they occupy some amount of habitat. Understand that if you degrade the habitat, you harm the herd. But if the herd you are interested in resides in south central Oklahoma or north central Texas, then the limiting factor constraining buck antler size most likely is age. Historically heavy buck harvest is the cause; many bucks never get to grow their second set of antlers.
What increase in gross Boone and Crockett score (BC) can we predict by allowing bucks to get older? There is surprisingly little published information from deer of a known age. Twenty-three yearling bucks in Mississippi (Jacobson, 1995) were held in pens, and their BC was measured yearly until they were seven (table 1). On average, these bucks' BC increased every year through age five, then declined. The largest average increase was between their yearling and two-year-old antlers.
| Table 1. Change over Time in Average Gross
Boone and Crockett Score (BC) of Twenty-Three Penned Bucks in Mississippi |
||
| Age (Years) | BC |
Change from Previous Year (Inches) |
| 1.5 | 37 | – |
| 2.5 | 89 | 52 |
| 3.5 | 110 | 21 |
| 4.5 | 130 | 20 |
| 5.5 | 142 | 12 |
| 6.5 | 132 | -10 |
| 7.5 | 132 | 0 |
We are attempting to document antler change over the lifetime of free-ranging bucks at the Noble Foundation's Wildlife Unit near Ada. Ken Gee, John Holman, and interns trap, permanently mark, and then release deer each winter. Some of these deer are later recaptured, photographed by infrared-triggered cameras, videoed during spotlight surveys, or harvested by hunters. To date, we have observed six bucks' BC change from yearling to two-year-old antlers: 38, 38, 55, 56, 81, and 83 inches. Buck number 196's yearling and two-year-old antlers are shown in the photographs. Although this buck's antlers are well above average size, they demonstrate that you don't have to spend any money for seed, fertilizer, minerals, or feed to make trophies out of average bucks: you do need to let the animals age, even if only by one year. Without question, age is the management factor most likely to improve antler quality where bucks have been historically overharvested.
Reference
Jacobson, H. A. 1995. Age and quality relationships, pages 103—111. In
K. V. Miller and R. L. Marchinton, eds. Quality whitetails: The why and how
of quality deer management. Stackpole Books, Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania.