Species Composition of Deer Diets on the NFWU

Appendix B Species Composition of Deer Diets on the Noble Foundation Wildlife Unit
		% Frequency in diet
Species or plant complex^a	Common name	Summer 1985	Fall 1985	Winter 1985-86	Spring 1986	Summer 1986	Fall 1986	Winter 1986-87	Spring 1987
Acalypha spp. complex	Three-seeded mercuries	7	1.6	0.7	0	20.1	4.1	1.5	0
Acalypha virginica	Three-seeded mercury	0.2	0	0	0.8	1.9	0.2	0.1	0.9
Acer negundo	Box elder	2.1	0.3	0.2	4.2	0.8	0	0	4.7
Agalinis fasciculata	Beach agalinus	0	0	0	0	tr	0	0	0
Amaranthus spp. complex	Pigweeds	0	0	0	0	tr	0	0	0
Ambrosia artemisiifolia	Common ragweed	0.1	0	0	10.9	0	0	0	0
Ambrosia bidentata	Lanceleaf ragweed	0.8	0	0	0	tr	0	0	0
Ambrosia psilostachya	Western ragweed	0.1	0.6	0.3	0	0.7	0	tr	0
Ambrosia spp. complex	Ragweeds	1	0	0	0	tr	0	0	10.5
Ambrosia trifida	Giant ragweed	2.7	0	0	0	0.6	0	0	0
Amorpha fruticosa	False indigo	1.2	0	0	0	0.2	0	0	0
Ampelopsis arborea	Pepper vine	0	0	0	0	0.1	0	0	0
Amphicarpa bracteata	Hog peanut	0.3	0	0	0	0.1	0	0	0
Andropogon spp. complex	Bluestems	0	0	0	0	0	0.1	0	0
Andropogon virginicus	Broom sedge bluestem	0	0	0	0	0.2	0	0	0
Antennaria parlinii- Gnaphalium spp. complex	Plainleaf pussytoes- cudweeds complex	0	0.6	6.6	0	0	0	0	0.6
Antennaria parlinii	Plainleaf pussytoes	0	0	3.5	0	0	4.4	4.2	0
Apocynum cannabinum	Indian hemp	0	0	0	0	0.3	0	0	0
Asclepias spp. complex	Milkweeds	0	0	0	0	tr	0	0	0
Asclepias viridis- A. asperula complex	Antelope horn milkweeds	0.2	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Aster ericoides	Heath aster	0	0.1	0.2	0	0	0	0	0
Aster spp. complex	Asters	0.5	0	0.1	0.6	0.1	0	0	0.2
		% Frequency in diet
Species or plant complex^a	Common name	Summer 1985	Fall 1985	Winter 1985-86	Spring 1986	Summer 1986	Fall 1986	Winter 1986-87	Spring 1987
Bidens aristosa	Coreopsis beggar-ticks	0.3	0	0	0.1	1	0	0	0
Bidens bipinnata	Spanish needles	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.2
Brachiaria platyphylla	Broadleaf signal grass	0	0	0	0	0.1	0	0	0
Bromus spp. complex	Bromes	0	0.9	5.9	0	tr	6.6	25.1	0
Bumelia lanuginosa	Chittamwood	0.1	0	0	0	0	0.4	0.1	0.5
Callirhoe involucrata	Purple poppy mallow	0	0	0	0.4	0	2.4	0.1	2.9
Campsis radicans	Trumpet vine	0.1	0	0	0	0.4	0	0	0
Carex spp. complex	Sedges	0	0	0.1	0	0	tr	0.2	0
Carya spp. complex	Hickories/pecans	0	0	0.1	0	0	0	0	0
Cassia fasciculata- C. nictitans complex	Partridge pea- sensitive pea complex	4.1	0	0	0	1.5	0	0	0
Celtis spp. complex	Hackberries	0.2	0.6	0.1	0	0.2	0	0	0
Cephalanthus occidentalis	Buttonbush	0	0.2	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cerastium glomeratum	Clammy chickweed	0	0	0	3.2	0	0.2	0.1	3
Cercis canadensis	Redbud	0.1	0	0	0	0.2	0	0	0
Chenopodium album	Lamb’s-quarters	0.1	0	0	0	tr	0	0	0
Chrysopsis pilosa	Softhair golden aster	0.7	0	0	0	0.6	0	0	0
Cocculus carolinus	Carolina snail-seed	0.7	0.2	0	16.2	1.1	0.7	0	19.2
Commelina spp. complex	Dayflowers	0	0	0	0	tr	0	0.8	0
Conyza canadensis	Horseweed	4.8	0	0	0	2.2	0.4	0	0
Cornus drummondii	Rough-leaved dogwood	0.8	0	0	0	2.1	0	0.4	0
Cornus florida	Flowering dogwood	0.6	0	0	0	tr	0	0	0
Cornus spp. complex	Dogwoods	4.3	0.1	0	1.5	tr	0.6	0	2.1
		% Frequency in diet
Species or plant complex^a	Common name	Summer 1985	Fall 1985	Winter 1985-86	Spring 1986	Summer 1986	Fall 1986	Winter 1986-87	Spring 1987
Crataegus spp. complex	Hawthorns	0	0.2	0	0	0	0	0	0
Crataegus viridis	Green hawthorn	0.1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Croton glandulosus	Tropic croton	5.8	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Croton monanthogynus	One-seeded croton	6.7	0	0	0	0.1	0	0	0
Croton spp. complex	Crotons	0.6	0.8	0	0	5.9	0.1	0.1	0
Cyperus esculentus	Yellow nut grass	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.2	0
Cyperus spp. complex	Flat sedges	0	0	0	0.2	0	0	0	0
Daucus pusillus	Southwestern carrot	0	0	0	0	tr	0	0	0
Desmodium ciliare	Tick trefoil	0	0	0	0	0.2	0	0	0
Desmodium paniculatum	Panicled tick clover	0	0.2	0	0	1.3	0	0	0
Desmodium sessilifolium	Sessile tick clover	0.1	0	0	0	0.1	0	0	0
Desmodium spp. complex	Tick clovers	13.6	0.1	0	0.1	16.7	0.8	0	0
Dichanthelium spp. complex	Dichantheliums	0	0	1	0	0	0.2	0.8	0
Digitaria sanguinalis	Hairy crabgrass	0	0	0	0	tr	0	0	0
Diospyros virginiana	Persimmon
(all)		0.3	0.5	0	0	0	0.1	0	0
(fruit)		0	0.4	0	0	0	0	0	0
		% Frequency in diet
Species or plant complex^a	Common name	Summer 1985	Fall 1985	Winter 1985-86	Spring 1986	Summer 1986	Fall 1986	Winter 1986-87	Spring 1987
Eclipta prostrata	Yerba de tajo	2	0	0	0	2.9	0	0	0
Elephantopus carolinianus	Elephant’s foot	0	0.3	0	0	0.3	0	0	0
Elymus spp. complex	Wild ryes	0	0	0.4	0	0	tr	0	0
Eragrostis curvula	Weeping love grass	0	0	0	0	0	0.4	1.6	0
Erigeron strigosus	Daisy fleabane	0	0	0	0.8	0	0	0	0.5
Eriochloa contracta	Prairie cup grass	0	0	0	0	0.7	0.7	0	0
Eupatorium rugosum	White snakeroot	0	0	0	0	tr	0	0	0
Euphorbia maculata	Spotted euphorbia	0.2	0	0	0	0.1	0	0	0
Festuca arundinacea	Tall fescue	0.1	1.9	10.8	0	0.1	2.8	7.8	0
Fraxinus pennsylvanica	Green ash	0	0.1	0.1	0	0.1	0	0	0
Galactia regularis	Downy milk pea	0.2	0	0	0	0.1	0	0	0
Galium spp. complex	Bedstraws	2.5	0.3	0	0	1.1	0.1	0	0.3
Gaura spp. complex	Gauras	0	0.1	0	0	0	0	0	0
Geranium carolinianum	Carolina cranesbill	0	0.1	0.8	9.8	0.8	0.5	0.1	4.2
Geum canadense	White avens	0	0	0.3	0	0.3	1.6	tr	0
Gleditsia triacanthos	Honey locust
(all)		0.2	0	8	0	tr	2	0.1	0
(seed pods)		0	0	8	0	tr	2	0.1	0
Glinus lotoides	Glinus	0.1	0	0	0.4	tr	0	0	0.2
Gutierrezia dracunculoides	Common broomweed	0.1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
		% Frequency in diet
Species or plant complex^a	Common name	Summer 1985	Fall 1985	Winter 1985-86	Spring 1986	Summer 1986	Fall 1986	Winter 1986-87	Spring 1987
Heliotropium indicum	India heliotrope	0	0.1	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hypericum hypericoides	Saint-Andrew’s-cross	0	0	0	0	0	0.1	0	0
Ilex decidua	Deciduous holly	0.1	0.2	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ipomoea spp. complex	Morning glories	0	0.1	0	0	0.2	0	0.1	0
Iresine rhizomatosa	Bloodleaf	0	0	0	0	0.3	tr	0	0
Juniperus virginiana	Eastern red cedar	0	0.5	0	0	0	0	0	0
Lactuca sativa	Prickly lettuce	0	0	0	0	0.1	0.1	0.1	0
Lamium amplexicaule	Henbit	0	0	0.7	0	0	0	0.7	0
Lespedeza cuneata	Sericea lespedeza	0	0.1	0.1	0	0	0	0	0
Lespedeza spp. complex	Lespedezas	3.6	0	0	0.1	0.8	0.4	0	0
Lespedeza stipulacea	Korean clover	0	0	0	0	1.8	0	0	0
Lespedeza striata	Japanese clover	0	0	0	0	3	0	0	0
Lespedeza virginica	Slender lespedeza	0	0	0	0	0.1	0	0	0
Ludwigia alternifolia	Bushy seedbox	0.9	0	0	0	0.3	0	0	0
		% Frequency in diet
Species or plant complex^a	Common name	Summer 1985	Fall 1985	Winter 1985-86	Spring 1986	Summer 1986	Fall 1986	Winter 1986-87	Spring 1987
Maclura pomifera	Osage orange
(all)		0.7	0.9	0.4	11.1	2.1	17.3	12.6	9.7
(fruit)		0.1	0.9	0.4	0	0	0	0.1	0
Medicago orbicularis	Button clover	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1.1
Melilotus spp. complex	Sweet clovers	0.3	0	0.2	16.5	1.8	1.2	0	1.8
Monarda russeliana	Red-spotted horsemint	0.1	0	0.1	0	tr	0	0	0
Morus rubra	Red mulberry	0.2	0.3	0	0	0.1	0	0	0
Neptunia lutea	Yellow neptunia	0	0	0	0	tr	0	0	0
Nyssa sylvatica	Black gum	0	0	0	0.4	0.3	0.1	tr	0.4
Oxalis dillenii	Yellow wood sorrel	0.1	0.9	0	0	1	0.1	0	0
Passiflora incarnata	Maypop passionflower
(all)		0.2	0	0	0	0.4	0	0	0
(fruit)		0	0	0	0	0.1	0	0	0
Phyla incisa	Sawtooth frogfruit	0	0	0	0	0.1	0	0	0
Physalis viscosa	Field ground-cherry	0	0	0	0	0.1	0.1	0	0
Phytolacca americana (berries)	Pokeweed	0	0	0	0	0.9	0	0	0
Podophyllum peltatum	Mayapple	0.3	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Polygonum spp. complex	Smartweeds	4.4	0.2	0	0.1	0.2	0	0	0
Prunus angustifolia- P. mexicana- P. rivularis complex	Plums	0.9	0.6	0.1	0.4	1.6	0.1	0.1	0.3
Psoralea tenuiflora	Wild alfalfa	0	0	0	0.1	0.1	tr	0	0.4
		% Frequency in diet
Species or plant complex^a	Common name	Summer 1985	Fall 1985	Winter 1985-86	Spring 1986	Summer 1986	Fall 1986	Winter 1986-87	Spring 1987
Quercus shumardii (acorns)	Shumard’s oak	0	0.1	0	0	0	0	0	0
Quercus spp. complex	Oaks
(all)		1.8	46.2	16.6	2.9	1.3	5.8	4.2	4.2
(acorns)		0	41.8	16.5	0	0	1.5	0	0
Quercus stellata (acorns)	Post oak	0	0.4	0	0	0	0	0	0
Rhus aromatica	Fragrant sumac
(all)		3.7	0	0.1	4	0.4	0.5	0.4	2.5
(fruit)		0	0	0	0.2	0	0	0	2.5
Rhus copallina	Winged sumac	1	0.2	0	0	0.7	0	0	0
Rhus glabra (fruit)	Smooth sumac	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.4	0
Rhus spp.-Toxicodendron radicans complex	Sumacs-poison ivy complex	0.1	1.9	1.5	0	0.7	0	0	9.2
Rubus spp. complex	Dewberries, blackberries	0	0.7	0	0	0.5	0	0	0
Rumex crispus	Curly dock	0	0	0.1	0	0	tr	0	0
Salix nigra	Black willow	0	0	0	0	0.3	0	tr	0
Sambucus canadensis	Elderberry	0	0	0	0	0	0.5	0	0
Sanicula canadensis	Canada sanicula	0.1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sapindus drummondii	Soapberry	0	0.2	0	0	0	0	0	0
Secale cereale	Rye	0	0	0	0	0.2	0.8	0.4	0
Secale cereale-Triticum aestivum complex	Rye-wheat complex	0	0.2	21.5	0	0	0	0	0
Smilax spp. complex	Greenbriers	0.5	0.1	1.3	0	0.5	4.3	1	0
Smilax tamnoides	Bristly greenbrier	0	0.3	0	0	0	0	0	0
Solidago spp. complex	Goldenrods	0	0	0	0	0	tr	0	0
Sorghum bicolor (seed)	Sorghum	0	1	0	0	0	2.6	0.1	0
Sorghum halepense	Johnson grass
(all)		0	0	0	0	0.8	0	0	0
(seed)		0	0	0	0	0.7	0	0	0
Sporobolus spp. complex	Dropseeds	0	0	0	0	0.1	0	0	0
Stellaria media	Common chickweed	0	0	0	0.3	0	0	1.6	0.7
Strophostyles helvola	Wild bean	0	0	0	0	0.3	0	0	0
Strophostyles leiosperma	Smooth seed wild bean	0	0	0	0	1.9	0	0	0
Strophostyles spp. complex	Wild beans	7.8	0.1	0	3.8	4.9	0.1	0	2.6
Symphoricarpos orbiculatus	Coralberry
(all)		1.3	21.2	10.8	0	0.5	24.3	31.3	0
(fruit)		0	13.3	5	0	0	3.9	14.9	0
		% Frequency in diet
Species or plant complex^a	Common name	Summer 1985	Fall 1985	Winter 1985-86	Spring 1986	Summer 1986	Fall 1986	Winter 1986-87	Spring 1987
Torilis arvensis	Hedge parsley	0	0	0.1	0	0	0	0.9	3.6
Toxicodendron radicans	Poison ivy	0	0	0	0	0.5	0	0	0
Tragia bentonicifolia	Nettleleaf	0.1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Trifolium campestre- T. dubium complex	Hop clovers	0.1	0	1.5	0	0	0	0	0
Trifolium repens	White clover	0	0.1	2.2	0	0	0.4	0.1	2.1
Trifolium vesiculosum	Arrowleaf clover	0.2	0	0.6	0	tr	0	0	0
Triodanis perfoliata	Clasping Venus’s looking-glass	0	0	0	0	tr	0	0	0
Triticum aestivum	Wheat	0	0	0	0	tr	0.6	1.4	0
Ulmus alata	Winged elm	0	0	0	2.4	tr	0	0	0.3
Ulmus americana	American elm	0	0.1	0	0	0	0	0	0
Verbena canadensis	Rose vervain	0	0	0	0.8	tr	0	0	0
Verbena spp. complex	Vervains	0.1	0.1	0	0	0	0	0	0
Verbena urticifolia	White vervain	0	0	0	0	2.2	0	tr	2.8
Verbesina alternifolia	Yellow ironweed	0.4	1.1	0	0	0.9	0	0	0
Verbesina helianthoides- V. virginica complex	Crownbeards	0.1	0	0	3.8	0	0.2	0	0
Viburnum rufidulum	Rusty black haw	0	0	0.1	0	0.1	0	0	0
Vicia sativa	Narrowleaf vetch	0	0	0	0	0	3.9	0	0
Vicia spp. complex	Vetches	0	0.1	0.1	1.1	tr	0	tr	4.3
Viola pubescens	Downy yellow violet	0.1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Viola spp. complex	Violets	0.4	0	0	0	0.1	0	0	0
Vitis spp. complex	Grapes	0.1	0	0	3.1	0.1	0	0	4.2
Xanthium strumarium	Cocklebur	0	0	0	0	0.4	0	0	0
	Ferns and allies	0	0.1	0	0	0	0.4	0.1	0
	Mushrooms	0	3.8	0.1	0	0.2	4.7	1.1	0
	Unknown grasses	0	2.3	0.3	0	0	0	0	0
	Unknowns	4.1	6.9	2.9	0	1.6	2.1	0	0

^a Amounts are reported for plant complexes when species differentiation could not be made. Percent frequencies reported earlier in the text are totals for all members of a complex.

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